matter matter.
No matter. Matter
matter, Mata Matin
matter. Nothing. Let little
matter matter. Matter.
Uh huh.
Well, hello, science lovers. I'm molecular Mike, and
welcome to soaring into science. Welcome.
Also to the lab.
Well, by now, you've probably guess that
today we're gonna be talking about matter.
Matter is simply stuff and everything is made
of matter. If there is no matter, there's
just empty space.
And by now, you've experienced matter here on Earth in its
three phases. Solid
liquid
and gas.
Uh, well,
you probably also know how matter can be described by its properties
like color, shape, size,
texture, hardness, and even smell.
While density is another property of matter,
everything is made of smaller parts and density tells us
how close, together or far apart those little parts of matter
are. This can cause some pretty funky
stuff. Toe happen? Uh,
no, not that funky. Well, here's one example of
what I mean. Check this out by
squeezing extra matter into a smaller space in this
bottle. I could force the air in it to become more dense
and raise the temperature watch.
That means that changing the density of matter by
adding pressure can change the temperature.
Wow, density conduce a mother Pretty strange things, too.
It's one reason that something's sink and some things
float. Ah, lot of people think that things sink or float
because of how heavy they are. But it's really because of how
dense the matter is compared to the water that it's in.
I can weigh this rock and this
stick on the scale,
and the stick is heavier. But
when I put the stick in the water, it floats
in the rock. Six. You see things
that are more dense tend to sink, and things that are less
dense tend to float when compared to what's around them. It
really has nothing to do with how heavy they are.
Matter doesn't just sink or float in water, though
water can sink or float in other forms of
matter. For example, here's some cooking
oil in a tall graduated cylinder.
Let's pour some water in and see what happens.
Look at how the water sank below the cooking
oil. That's because it's more dense than the
oil. Scientists have put this knowledge toe work in
deep sea exploration. Some extreme deep sea
exploring vessels are filled with a kind of oil in the top and
iron pellets in the bottom. The iron pellets are very dense, and they
help the vessel to sake when it reaches an appropriate depth.
When it's done with all of its studies, the vessel releases the iron
pellets, and the less dense oil helps the vessel
float to the surface. The's,
floating and sinking because of density, doesn't just work with liquids
and solids. It also works with gases like the
helium. In this balloon, the air around it is
more dense, and so it gets pushed up
out of the way. That's air floating in
air. And here's the last word on density,
size and shape have very little, if anything to do
with it. These two metal cubes over here
are both solid.
They have exactly the same size and shape or, in other
words, the same volume. You might think that since they're
the same size and shape that their way, the same
wrong you see this one is
made of steel and this one is made of
copper. Which one do you think we'll wait more
well, let's find out.
The copper weighs more, even though it has the same volume
because it's more dense. The same experiment
works with all kinds of solids and liquids and gases.
Ah, speaking of those phases of matter I
want to see at the temperature of this water
actually gets down to zero degrees Celsius when it
freezes. I read somewhere that that's what it goes down to, but
I want to check it out for myself while I'm putting the till
on this beaker. Why don't you check out some
professionals that really know how to put the freeze on?
I'm Steve Huddleston, the ice technician to the Florida Panthers. The process you see
behind us is where we're making ice for Disney on ice.
This is the start of the procedure on what we would do for an NHL
hockey rink. What we've done is we've stopped right
before we would finish on the NHL, and that's all that's required for a
figure skating show. The process starts
with actually bringing the floor down to a certain
temperature with it's in the low teens to keep it
cold. We have the refrigerant plant back there, which maintains that the
engineers which maintained the plant what one thing
engineers are done with their process and cleaning people have actually
cleaned the floors spotless. Make sure there's no grease gum. Anything
dirt out there that's not supposed to be there is like, I'd like to
reiterate, is the fact that the bond to the concrete from where you
take the first bit of water and you apply that to the concrete. That is the most
important process that is used in the ice making.
Once we're done with that, once we're done with sealing the floor and locking in that bond,
then what we'll do is we'll go to the white paint after the white
pain is mixed in the that it's actually cool, because what it is is
the water that comes in from the ***. It is actually warmer than the
water we're trying to put down because it'll start to melt just from the city. Water just a
couple of degrees. What we do is take take the white, put it
in the vat. It's nonhazardous biodegradable. It's more like a
powdered milk is what it is, vs anything else, then what
we do is once the white is mixed with water, is added to it and cooled off.
Then we have a 10 foot spray boom that we use to apply that white and
nice even layers. Once we do our white layers, the
next most important part of that is actually getting the
Clearwater on top of that white paint without letting it
warm up and starting to lift. That bond is so
important to what we're trying to dio, it's at the bottom. But if you don't do it
properly, it'll all float up to the top and make make our day really
miserable. So requirements basically to
do this are I go to school once a year. Once I go to
go to Tampa on my main courses are in Canada.
It is a refrigeration course, a nice making course, and the equipment
operation scores were actually driving the Zamboni is and maintaining those
so you don't have any mishaps during the games. And that's pretty
much the summary of the ice making technique to start.
Well, it's been a few hours now, and, as you can see, if
you look in this beaker, the water is frozen.
It's in the solid state. Let's check the temperature on the
thermometer.
It's gone down to just below zero degrees Celsius. That's
where water needs to be frozen solid. Ever wonder what makes
the fluid and thermometer like this one go up and down
while thermometers filled with some form of matter in the liquid state?
As the bulb of the thermometer is heated, the molecules of the liquid
gain energy and need more room to move around. When
this happens, we say the liquid is expanding or taking up more
space. If the liquid is cool because he energy is
removed, the molecules moving around take up less room.
We say the liquid is contracting or taking up less
space.
Ever thought of building your own edible molecules? Probably not
when you can, in just a few easy steps to build your own edible molecule,
you'll need large marshmallows, small marshmallows and
pretzel sticks. The first step, it's aside what kind of
molecule you'd like to make. We will use for this example a
water molecule. Water molecules are made up of one large
Adam or, in this case, one large marshmallow of oxygen and two
smaller atoms of hydrogen to pretzel sticks will serve as
the bonds that hold all the atoms together.
Stick the pretzel sticks into the smaller marshmallows first.
Next, stick them into the larger marshmallow.
Notice that in our water molecule example, the Adams connect at special
angle. After your water molecule is complete,
it's time to find some friends or make some friends of the case. May be
you and your friends can start out as solid water or ice. To do
this gathered, close together and move your water molecules. Slowly.
Molecules move slowly in solids. Now it's time to melt into
liquid water. Begin to move away from each other, but not too far
were adding heat energy, so the molecules should be moving more quickly.
Also, if we turn up the heat, we can get things
boiling. You're molecule will get moving pretty fast and you'll need a lot
of room. Water molecule. With enough heat, energy can evaporate
from liquid water into water vapor. It will become part of a
gas. Of course. Let's not forget about sublimation.
If you start out as a solid, you could, under the right circumstances, turned
immediately into gas. Be careful not to get too
caught up in changing phases, though that's important. But you
might just forget the most fun part.
What
you see, the weight of anything is equal to the sum of its
parts. For example, uh, take this tape
dispenser. It's equal to the weight of the tape,
plus the weight of the plastic holder, plus
the sand inside of it that weighs it down. All of those things
make up this tape dispenser, so when you weigh it, you're actually weighing the sum of
all of those parts. What? People are also
the sum of their parts. You see, a person is made up of
eyes, ears and nose mouth bones inside your body.
Ah, heart, lungs, your stomach. All those parts make up a
person, and the some or weight of all of those
parts is what equals that person. We'll even those
parts inside of your body all over are made of
smaller parts here on my computer. I've hooked
it up to the microscope, and I've got some cells on here.
Seal the small, funny looking pink circles. Those air living
cells cheek cells, to be exact. Your body is
made up of millions of microscopic living cells. There's many
different kinds of cells in your body to there's skin
cells there's bone cells, muscle cells,
blood cells that run all throughout your bloodstream. There's all different kinds of
cells all over your body. Even those cells are
made of smaller parts. If you look closely at the little cells
around the arrow, you might see dark spots. Those air called the
nucleus of the cells, the nucleus help control functions in the
cell and all the other little parts that are in the cell that we can't see
the different cells in your body all have different functions. But one
thing is true. When you put them all together the right way, you get something
pretty amazing. In the end, you are the sum of all of
your parts. All matter that we
see is made up of smaller parts. Here's an
ordinary glass bowl of liquid water just looking at
it. You'd never guess that the water is made up of millions of tiny
little water molecules, and that those water molecules or even
made up of more smaller parts called atoms
well, right over here are some models of water
molecules. Each one is made up of three small
parts. The large red square represents an atom of
oxygen, and the two smaller white ones are
hydrogen atoms, and Adam is the basic building
block of all matter. But even those basic building
blocks are made of smaller parts, too. Although we've
never seen an Adam up close, we do know that it has a
nucleus or, in other words, a center where parts called
protons and neutrons air found. Other
parts, called electrons, are found in the area surrounding the
nucleus. Even the protons and neutrons are made of
smaller little parts called quarks.
You can build a three dimensional model of an Adam yourself.
It's really pretty easy. All you need are three different
colors of clay, some
toothpicks and
a periodic table. All the forms of
matter we know of from the elements are listed in this
table. It gives information about every kind of
Adam. I'm sure you've heard of many of them,
like oxygen and
helium and iron, and maybe
chlorine and aluminum and silver,
copper and even
gold. Well, this table tells us
things about each one of them and many others. I'll build an
atom of oxygen here on the table. Oxygen is
number eight on the chart
that's called its atomic number. The
atomic number tells us how many protons and how
maney electrons make up a balanced Adam
and Adam is called balance because sometimes it can lose
or gain extra electrons in a balanced
Adam. The number of protons and electrons is
always exactly the scene. Well, we're going to
need eight red protons for the
nucleus, and we'll need eight
blue electrons, all attached to toothpicks
that will go around the nucleus. And now we need to
figure out how maney neutrons go in the nucleus, along with
the protons to finish up. There's a funny number
on the periodic table. There, underneath oxygen,
it's 15.99 something something
something. It's called the atoms atomic weight.
In this case, we can just round it off to 16.
If you subtract the atomic number from the
atomic weight, you get the number of
neutrons, so 16 minus a equals eight,
and that means we'll need eight yellow
neutrons. Oh, by the way, it doesn't
always work out to be the same number for all particles.
For example, Ah balanced Adam of Iron has
26 protons and 26 electrons,
but it has around 30 neutrons in the nucleus.
Now, to finish up our Adam, I will squeeze
together the's eight little protons and these
eight little neutrons to form our
nucleus.
Here's our nucleus. Then I'm going to stick in
the electrons all around it, which are really
floating around the nucleus. But we need
to keep them attached to the little sticks.
We'll get a couple more in here and our Adam off
oxygen is finished.
One atom of oxygen to go.
Oops.
Uh huh.
Hello? It is a New Yorker.
Are you all ready for a joke? Here it is.
You'll really like this one. What did one
keyboard said? So the other IHS said,
You're not my type. You'll get it
like typing on a keyboard. That was a funny joke.
You're laughing. Work, job. Maybe on
the inside. Did you know that you can show the difference between
phases of matter and a computer drying program? It is
actually relatively simple. You can do it on a
computer like me. We'll begin with
up enough, a computer drying program like the one you see here on the street
at the top of your document. But your title called it
states for fezzes of method.
Next drawn three bucks is nickel
one box for its state of matter, one for solid
one for liquid at the ward Bar gas.
Be sure to label each of the boxes you have drawn so you can tell them apart.
Pick some kind of graphical used to represent particles of
matter in the box for the solid
history graphic over and over and over close
together. This will represent their way of particles In
solids are Lawson for activity,
though the same thing in their box for the liquid
separate depart because I live, the more that it decided.
This will show how the part that goes in their liquid are further at by
then, fill the box for the guests by setting breach of the
graphics fire part, and
you may choose to put other graphics next to which of the boxes showing an
example of that started their liquid that I cast to.
She is as beautiful and graceful as a bird in flight.
Speaking of birth, why did they dock stick his
leg into a computer? It wanted to have
webbed feet just like the
Web boy. My
all matter can change and over time. It usually does.
There are two kinds of change that matter Congar Oh, through the first
kind of change is called a physical change.
A physical change occurs whenever something is made to look
different, but it still ends up being made of the same stuff. For
example, if I color on this piece of paper,
it ends up looking different. But it's still made of paper.
I can hear it, and Aiken fold it up
and Aiken crush it. And no matter what I've done to this piece of
paper, it's still made of paper. So that means
it's only gone through a physical change.
If I were to cut a piece of wood like this one with a
saw,
well, I've still only made a physical change
because it only looks different.
A solution is a mixture of two substances
where another kind of physical change occurs
usually happens when one thing dissolves in another, and the thing
being dissolved is called the Salyut,
and the liquid, or whatever it's being dissolved in is called
the solvent. Here's some sugar,
and here's a bowl of water. If I
pour some of this sugar into the water,
I can mix it up and you can see that the sugar
will dissolve inside the water. In this
case, the sugar is the Salyut, and the water is the
solvent. Together they make a
solution. The water molecules in the sugar
molecules have only been mixed up together. If we let
all the water sit and evaporate, we'd end up with a bunch of sugar
crystals left in the bottom of the bowl. Give that a try yourself.
It works with salt to, and the salt doesn't attract as many bugs as sugar. That
way, while physical changes happen to things we see
every day like food, sneakers
and even grass, sometimes matter will
completely change into a whole new form of matter. When
this happens, we say, a chemical change has occurred.
For example, whenever something burns, it turns into a
completely new substance. Right here are the
charred remains of a piece of paper that started out just like
this one. It doesn't look much like paper anymore, and well,
that's because it's not. It's gone through a chemical change
and become a new substance. Carbon
well, here's an easy chemical change that you can try at home
or at school. This graduated cylinder is filled
with some baking soda in the bottom. If I add some of this
vinegar to it,
Wow, all those bubbles air a new
substance that got formed its carbon dioxide
gas. When a reaction creates something new,
you know a chemical change has taken place
well, just like physical changes. Chemical changes, captain. All around you, every
day an apple core turns brown because of a chemical
change that happens after biting it. Yeast,
flour, sugar and water make bread would combine the right
way. And heated iron goes through a chemical change
when it rusts after being exposed to moisture and sunlight.
Well, we've learned a lot about matter. We know that matter here on Earth
can be found in three states, a solid, the liquid
and the gas. We learned that different kinds of matter can have different
densities, and that more dense things sink and
less dense things float. We also found out that
by forcing something to become more dense by pressurizing it,
we could make the temperature rise. We saw how all matter
is made up of small parts called atoms and how even those
atoms are made up of even smaller parts themselves. And
finally we saw how matter can go through physical changes
and chemical changes. We learned that everything
that is something is made of matter. So the
next time someone asks you what's the matter?
You tell them everything.
This is molecular Mike signing off. Have fun,
practice safe science. And I will catch you later, my